Woodland strawberry. Credit: Georgia Institute of Technology |
An international research consortium has sequenced the genome of the
woodland strawberry, according to a study published in Nature Genetics.
The development is expected to unlock possibilities for breeding tastier,
hardier varieties of the berry and other crops in its family.
“We’ve created the strawberry parts list,” said the consortium’s
leader Kevin Folta, an associate professor with the Univ.
of Florida’s Institute of Food
and Agricultural Sciences. “For every organism on the planet, if you’re
going to try to do any advanced science or use molecular-assisted breeding, a
parts list is really helpful. In the old days, we had to go out and figure out
what the parts were. Now we know the components that make up the strawberry
plant.”
From a genetic standpoint, the woodland strawberry, formally known as Fragaria
vesca, is similar to the cultivated strawberry but less complex, making it
easier for scientists to study. The 14-chromosome woodland strawberry has one
of the smallest genomes of economically significant plants, but still contains
approximately 240 million base pairs.
The consortium of 75 researchers from 38 institutions that sequenced the
genome included two Georgia Tech researchers. They are Mark Borodovsky, a
Regents professor with a joint appointment in the Wallace H. Coulter Department
of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory Univ.
and the Georgia Tech School of Computational Science and Engineering, and Paul
Burns, who worked on the project as a bioinformatics Ph.D. student.
Once the consortium uncovered the genomic sequence of the woodland
strawberry, Borodovsky and Burns led the efforts in identifying protein-coding
genes in the sequence. Using a newly developed pattern recognition program
called GeneMark.hmm-ES+, Borodovsky and Burns identified 34,809 genes, of which
55% were assigned to gene families.
The GeneMark.hmm-ES+ program iteratively identified the correct algorithm
parameters from the DNA sequence and transcriptome data. The program used a
probabilistic model called the Hidden Markov Model to pinpoint the boundaries
between coding sequences—called exons—and non-coding sequences, which could be
either introns or intergenic regions.
In identifying the genes, prediction and training steps were repeated, each
time detecting a larger set of true coding and non-coding sequences used to
further improve the model employed in statistical pattern recognition. When the
new sequence breakdown coincided with the previous one, the researchers
recorded their final set of predicted genes.
“GeneMark.hmm-ES+ is a hybrid program that uses both DNA and RNA
sequences to predict protein-coding genes,” said Borodovsky, who is also
director of Georgia Tech’s Center for Bioinformatics and Computational
Genomics.
Borodovsky developed the first version of GeneMark in 1993. In 1995, this
program was used to find genes in the first completely sequenced genomes of
bacteria and archea. The research team then developed self-training versions of
the gene finding program for prokaryotic (organisms that lack a cell nucleus)
and eukaryotic (organisms that contain a cell nucleus) genomes in 2001 and
2005, respectively. Development of these programs has been supported by the
National Institutes of Health since 1993.
Most recently, Borodovsky’s team predicted genes in the genomes of the green
alga Chlorella variabilis NC64A and the mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea, with reports published in 2010 in the journals
The Plant Cell and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
respectively.
“Our approach to gene prediction in the strawberry genome proved highly
effective, with 90% of the genes predicted by the hybrid gene model supported
by transcript-based evidence,” added Borodovsky.
Further analysis of the woodland strawberry genome revealed genes involved
in key biological processes, such as flavor production, flowering and response
to disease. Additional examination also revealed a core set of signal
transduction elements shared between the strawberry and other plants.
The woodland strawberry is a member of the Rosaceae family, which consists
of more than 100 genera and 3,000 species. This large family includes many
economically important and popular fruit, nut, ornamental and woody crops,
including the cultivated strawberry, almond, apple, peach, cherry, raspberry
and rose.
In the long term, breeders will be able to use the information to create
plants that can be grown with less environmental impact, better nutritional
profiles and larger yields.
“The wealth of genetic information collected by this strawberry genome
sequencing project will help spur the next wave of research into the
improvement of strawberry and other fruit crops,” added Borodovsky.