Making the $1,000 Genome Dream a Reality 

Double-stranded DNA in a synthetic nanopore revealed by molecular simulation. Courtesy of Aleksei Aksimentiev, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

The first human genome took 13 years and $3 billion to sequence. Today, geneticists can generate the same information in a matter of months, for a fraction of the cost. As next-generation gene sequencers begin to make their mark on the life sciences, teams around the world are racing to develop new and improved DNA sequencers that can ingest a strand of nucleotide bases and directly read a person’s genetic code for less than $1,000.

The medical community predicts that the advent of the $1,000 personal genome will lead to major changes in the understanding and treatment of illness. Researchers will be able to perform widespread comparative studies to correlate disease to gene expression. Chemists will design genetically-targeted drugs, and doctors will deliver medical treatments based on a patient’s specific genetic disposition.

Aleksei Aksimentiev, a computational physicist at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), is working to develop a new kind of sequencer that will make the dream of the $1,000 genome a reality.

The sequencer uses an electric field to drive a strand of DNA through a small hole, or nanopore, in a membrane. If this process can be controlled, the sequencer will be able to read base pairs in order by measuring the change in current as each pair moves through the hole in the membrane.

A great concept — but does it work?

Not yet, according to Aksimentiev. The experimental designs of these sequencers are plagued by noisy signals, blockages and DNA base pairs that pass too quickly through the pore.

“This intuitively simple physical picture doesn’t apply in practice,” Aksimentiev said.

Since experiments can’t show exactly what’s going on inside a nanopore, Aksimentiev produces atom-by-atom models of nanopore designs and set them in motion using the National Science Foundation (NSF)-sponsored Ranger supercomputer at the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC). His simulations revealed the atomic-level movements of DNA as it wriggled through a nanopore, leading to insights into how to improve the design of the system. High-performance computing systems are required for this kind of research because of the precision needed to differentiate between the four DNA nucleotides, which differ by only a few atoms.

“The simulations explain what processes give rise to the signals we measure,” he said.

Aksimentiev discovered that the key requirement for sequencing DNA directly is to keep the strand in the pore long enough to read out its sequence.

“If the DNA moves too fast, then one cannot read out the signal to distinguish the difference between the base pairs,” he said. “We have to find a way to trap the DNA.”

Aksimentiev and his colleagues believe they’ve found a way.

When DNA comes in contact with an electrical field, it stretches. Applying that field on one side of the membrane forces the strands into a pore smaller than it would usually fit in. Turning off the field, on the other hand, causes the DNA to relax and traps the molecule in the hole. By pulsing the field, stretching and relaxing the DNA, the strand moves, base-by-base, through the pore, at a speed slow enough to be read clearly.

The team filed for a provisional patent in 2009 for its design of the first nanopore sequencer able to accommodate double-stranded DNA. Aksimentiev’s improved nanopore designs promise a dramatic reduction in the cost of gene sequencing, and a commensurate increase in speed. The development of such a sequencer would have important ramifications for medicine, biology and human health.

“Dr.  Aksimentiev’s simulations represent our eyes,” said Greg Timp, Aksimentiev’s collaborator and professor of electrical engineering at the University of Notre Dame. “We can’t see without them.”

“It will have a noticeable impact on the way we understand and treat human disease,” Aksimentiev said. “Everyone would be able to afford their DNA sequence.”

If this sounds like science fiction, you won’t have to wait long to find out how it turns out. The National Institute of Health (NIH) has set a goal of producing a $1,000 genome sequencer using nanopore technology by 2013. Soon, we’ll all have access to our genetic information. What we do with this knowledge remains to be seen.

This work is supported by a grant from NIH’s Revolutionary Genome Sequencing Technologies program, and an NSF Physics Frontiers Centers grant in support of the Center for the Physics of Living Cells.