A computer model that accurately predicts how composite materials behave when damaged will make it easier to design lighter, more fuel-efficient aircraft. Innovative computer codes form the basis of a computer model that shows in unprecedented detail how an aircraft’s composite wing, for instance, would behave if it suffered small-scale damage, such as a bird strike. Any tiny cracks which spread through the composite material can be predicted using this model.
The codes are being developed by researchers at Imperial College London working with partners, Airbus, and with funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).
To date, aircraft designers have overcompensated for a lack of knowledge of how composites behave by over-reinforcing composite panels. The Boeing 787, for example comprising 50 percent composites, is about 10 percent overweight.
“Up to eight percent of jet fuel could be saved via weight reduction. Excluding military aircraft, this amounts to about 20 million tons of fuel, 50 million tons of CO2, and £20 billion saved annually,” said Dr. Silvestre Pinho, who led the research at Imperial College London.
The new model will enable panels to be made less bulky while still meeting the stringent safety margins demanded by the aviation industry. The result should be aircraft that are lighter than current designs and so use less fuel and produce fewer greenhouse emissions.
Aircraft designers using the new computer model will be able to explore the damage tolerance of alternative designs without building so many prototypes or conducting so many physical tests — cutting R&D costs and potentially shaving months off development cycles.
Pinho says: “One key challenge in designing with composites is that, while the physical mechanisms leading to damage develop at a tiny scale, models predicting these mechanisms need to be applied to much larger components. Nowhere is this challenge greater than in the aerospace industry. I’ve been fortunate to work closely with Airbus and other companies not only to improve understanding of these mechanisms, but also to develop models than can be applied to large components.”
Composites are proving increasingly popular in the aerospace industry. They are not just lighter than the metals they are replacing, (for example 20 percent lighter than aluminium), but also stronger. However, the failure mechanisms affecting them are not as well understood, because the industry has several decades more experience using metals.
The new model addresses this problem, with the codes it contains incorporating a range of new insights developed by the Imperial team. In particular, the team’s detailed experimental investigations into different failure mechanisms have enabled damage to be represented for entire aircraft parts.
Dr. Morten Ostergaard, Airbus Senior Expert in Structure Modelling and Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis, says: “We’ve been collaborating with Pinho over a number of years on the development of models for failure of composite structures. This is a very challenging area and these models constitute a positive contribution to our capability to predict damage in large components.”
Following on from this project, Pinho has been awarded an EPSRC Engineering Fellowship to focus on how changes to a composite’s micro-structure would affect a panel’s ability to stop damage spreading.
The three-year project ‘Bridging the Scales: From the Toughness of Small Specimens to the Damage Tolerance of Large Aerospace Panels’ has received just under £381,000 in EPSRC funding.
