Puzzled Physicists Solve Decade-Long Discrepancies
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| Physicist Igor Zaliznyak |
Physicists have resolved a decade-long puzzle that is set to have huge implications for use of one of the most puzzling materials ever made: copper oxide ceramics. A team led by Toby Perring at the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) and Igor Zaliznyak at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) used the ISIS neutron source at the STFC’s Rutherford Appleton Laboratory to study the properties of copper oxide ceramics, materials that serve as a grueling testing ground to our basic understanding of physics.
Comparing experimental data with predictions from exact theories and first-principle calculations is one of the major parts of any scientific method, allowing scientists to make sure they have a full grasp of the basic principles at work and to study if there are gaps in our understanding. However, for copper oxide ceramics, long-standing discrepancies between experiment and calculation have made it difficult to robustly identify the most promising explanations of their physical properties. Many of the copper oxide ceramics are electrically superconducting (a phenomenon occurring in certain materials that happens generally at very low temperatures characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance and the exclusion of the interior magnetic field) and also have unusual magnetic properties.
“When making comparisons between experiment and calculation, we, and others, were often finding discrepancies that were then being explained away as systematic errors, imperfections in the samples, or other effects,” said Perring. “But, there are only so many times you can ignore these factors before you have to work out why they are there. The answer in the end was as straightforward as making sure to include all the physics.”
Calculations previously had been based on copper atoms being isolated; the correct shape of the magnetism of copper atoms when part of a covalent bond (a form of chemical bonding that is characterised by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms, or between atoms and other covalent bonds) had not been taken into account.
Copper-oxygen-copper bonds are a common feature of the copper oxide ceramic family, with the atomic level magnetism arising from the arrangement of electrons on each copper atom. Their bonding causes the spin distribution of the electrons to be changed quite dramatically from what would be found on a single isolated copper atom.
Zaliznyak said; “Normally, to keep things simple, to describe the magnetism of the copper atoms, people tend to use a spin distribution based on isolated copper atoms. But, in reality, the spin density must be spread out along the strong copper-oxygen covalent bonds that are part of the structure of the material, and which are responsible for the remarkable magnetic properties in the first place.
“Once colleagues at Brookhaven had correctly calculated the real magnetic form factor for the copper atoms in this material, we found that we could get the exact match between the calculations from Jean Sebastien Caux and our neutron scattering data.”
Now, the team has shown how to correctly compare theoretical models to experimental data. They are hoping that the hunt for the answer to high-temperature superconductivity in the cuprate materials can be reached more quickly.
It is widely believed that the magnetism of the copper atoms, which as this study shows is that of copper-oxygen covalent complexes, plays a vital role in superconductivity.
“Whilst we cannot sort out the differences for everyone, we think they should apply our method to their own situation. This could be a great help in narrowing down the range of possible explanations for high-temperature superconductivity,” said Perring.
It is thought that superconductivity could be used in the future for applications, such as radiofrequency and microwave filters in mobile phones and powerful electromagnets used in maglev trains, which use magnetic levitation from a large number of magnets for lift and propulsion.
The results are published online in the journal Nature Physics.
