Georgia Tech graduate student Yaroslav Dudin and professor Alex Kuzmich (l-r) adjust optics as part of research into the production of single photons for use in optical quantum information processing and the study of certain physical systems. Photo: Georgia Tech/John Toon |
Using lasers to excite just one atom from a cloud of ultracold rubidium gas,
physicists have developed a new way to rapidly and efficiently create single
photons for potential use in optical quantum information processing—and in the
study of dynamics and disorder in certain physical systems.
The technique takes advantage of the unique properties of atoms that have
one or more electrons excited to a condition of near-ionization known as the
Rydberg state. Atoms in this highly excited state—with a principal quantum
number greater than 70—have exaggerated electromagnetic properties and interact
strongly with one another. That allows one Rydberg atom to block the formation
of additional excited atoms within an area of 10 to 20 microns.
That single Rydberg atom can then be converted to a photon, ensuring that—on
average—only one photon is produced from a rubidium cloud containing hundreds
of densely-packed atoms. Reliably producing a single photon with well known
properties is important to several research areas, including quantum
information systems.
The new technique was reported in Science
Express. The research was supported by the National Science Foundation
(NSF), and by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR).
“We are able to convert Rydberg excitations to single photons with very
substantial efficiency, which allows us to prepare the state we want every
time,” explained Alex Kuzmich, a professor in the School of Physics
at the Georgia Institute of Technology. “This new system offers a fertile area
for investigating entangled states of atoms, spin waves and photons. We hope
this will be a first step toward doing a lot more with this system.”
Kuzmich and co-author Yaroslav Dudin, a graduate research assistant, have
been studying quantum information systems that rely on mapping information from
atoms onto entangled pairs of photons. But the Raman scattering technique they
have been using to create the photons was inefficient and unable to provide the
number of entangled photons needed for complex systems.
“This new photon source is about a thousand times faster than existing
systems,” Dudin said. “The numbers are very good for our first experimental
implementation.”
To create a Rydberg atom, the researchers used lasers to illuminate a dense
ensemble of several hundred rubidium 87 atoms that had been laser cooled and
confined in an optical lattice. The illumination boosted a single atom from the
entire cloud into the Rydberg state. Atoms excited to the Rydberg state
strongly interact with other Rydberg atoms, and under suitable conditions,
modify the atomic level energies and prevent more than one atom from being
transferred into this state—a phenomenon known as the Rydberg blockade.
Rydberg atoms show this strong interaction within a range of 10 to 20
microns. By limiting their starting ensemble of rubidium atoms to approximately
that distance, Kuzmich and Dudin were able to ensure that no more than one such
atom could form.
“The excited Rydberg atom needs space around it and doesn’t allow any other
Rydberg atoms to come nearby,” Dudin explained. “Our ensemble has a limited
volume, so we couldn’t fit more than one of these atoms into the space
available.”
Kuzmich and Dudin have been using Rydberg atoms with a principal quantum
number of approximately 100. These excited atoms are much larger—as much as a
half-micron in diameter—than ground state rubidium atoms, which have a quantum
number of 5 and a diameter of a few Angstroms.
Once a highly excited atom was created, the researchers used an additional
laser field to convert the excitation into a quantum light field that has the
same statistical properties as the excitation. Because the field was produced
by a single Rydberg atom, it contained just one photon, which can be used in a
variety of protocols.
For the Georgia Tech group, the next goal may be development of a quantum
gate between light fields. The quantum gating of photons has been proposed and
pursued by many research groups, so far unsuccessfully.
“If this can be realized, such quantum gates would allow us to
deterministically create complex entangled states of atoms and light, which
would add valuable capabilities to the fields of quantum networks and
computing,” Kuzmich said. “Our works points in this direction.”
Beyond quantum information systems, the new single-photon system could also
help scientists investigating other areas of physics.
“Our results also hold promise for studies of dynamics and disorder in
many-body systems with tunable interactions,” Kuzmich explained. “In
particular, translational symmetry breaking, phase transitions and
non-equilibrium many-body physics could be investigated in the future using
strongly-coupled Rydberg excitations of an atomic gas.”
The single-photon work complements research being done in the Kuzmich laboratory
on long-lived quantum memories. A new Air Force Office of Scientific Research
Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI) was recently awarded to
a consortium of seven U.S. universities that will work together to determine
the best approach for generating quantum memories based on interaction between
light and matter. Georgia Tech leads the MURI.
“With this new work, we have demonstrated a new, deterministic source of single
photons,” Kuzmich said. “In its first experimental realization, it already
out-performs other types of single photons that have been pursued during the
past decade around the world, including in our group. With further increases in
efficiency and generation rate—and integration with long-lived quantum memories
being developed in related work—such a single-photon source may make possible
optical quantum information processing.”
