Komodo Dragon’s Lost Paradise Found 

Courtesy of Mark Pellegrini

Growing to two to three meters in length and weighing around 70 kilos, the Komodo dragon is the last of the truly giant monitor lizards. New research by a team of paleontologists and archaeologists shows that Komodo dragons most likely evolved in Australia and dispersed westward to Indonesia. The research, which looked at fossil evidence from Australia, Timor, Flores, Java and India, also details new fossil specimens indicating the presence of a new species of giant varanid found on the island of Timor.

The varanids are a group of giant monitor lizards, which are the world’s largest terrestrial lizards and which were ubiquitous in Australasia for over 3.8 million years, having evolved alongside large-bodied, mammalian carnivores, such as Thylacoleo, the ‘marsupial lion.’ New fossil discoveries show that the ancestor of the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) evolved on mainland Australia around three to four million years ago. Historically, Australia was home to many other giant monitor lizards, including Megalania (Varanus prisca) — once the world’s largest terrestrial lizard, which died out around 40,000 years ago.

Scott Hocknull, Senior Curator of Geosciences at the Queensland Museum, and his international team from Australia, Malaysia and Indonesia, have compared fossil evidence of Komodo dragons and other giant varanids in order to reconstruct the palaeobiogeography of the world’s largest land-based lizards. The researchers hope this will have implications for the conservation of the Komodo dragon, which is now found on just a few isolated islands in eastern Indonesia, between Java and Australia. Their research is published in the journal PLoS ONE.

Hocknull said Australia is a hub for lizard evolution. “The fossil record shows that, over the last four million years, Australia has been home to the world’s largest lizards, including the five-meter giant Megalania,” Hocknull said. “Now, we can say Australia was also the birthplace of the three-meter Komodo dragon, dispelling the long-held scientific hypothesis that it evolved from a smaller ancestor in isolation on the Indonesian islands.”

“Over the past three years, we’ve unearthed numerous fossils from eastern Australia dated from 300,000 years ago to approximately four million years ago that we now know to be the Komodo dragon. When we compared these fossils to the bones of present-day Komodo dragons, they were identical,” he explained.

It was previously thought that the Komodo dragon evolved its large size as a response to insular island processes, lack of carnivore competition, or as a specialist hunter of pygmy elephants called Stegodon. However, Hocknull and colleagues report that the ancestor of the Komodo dragon most likely evolved in Australia and spread westward, reaching the Indonesian island of Flores by 900,000 years ago.

“This research also confirms that both giant lizards, Megalania and the Komodo dragon existed in Australia at the same time,” Hocknull said.

Comparisons between fossils and living Komodo dragons on Flores show that the lizard’s body size has remained relatively stable since then — a period marked by the extinction of the island’s megafauna, the arrival of early hominids by 880,000 years ago, and the arrival of modern humans by 10,000 years ago. Within the last 2,000 years, however, their populations have contracted severely.

Further support for the theory that the giant varanids dispersed to Indonesia from Australia comes from the island of Timor, located between Australia and Flores. Three fossil specimens from Timor represent a new (unnamed) species of giant monitor lizard, which was larger than the Komodo dragon (although smaller than Megalania). More specimens of this new Timor-Australian giant lizard are needed before the species can be formally described.