Researchers led by the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) have proposed an innovative design to improve the ability of future fusion power plants to generate safe, clean and abundant energy in a steady state, or constant, manner. The design uses loops of liquid lithium to clean and recycle the tritium, the radioactive hydrogen isotope that fuels fusion reactions, and to protect the divertor plates from intense exhaust heat from the tokamak that contains the reactions.
“There are many challenges to developing fusion energy and the handling of heat on divertor plates is among them,” said PPPL physicist Masa Ono, lead author of a paper about the design published in the journal Nuclear Fusion. “We wanted to see how we can protect the divertor plates and keep the fusion chamber clean.”
Fusion, the merger of light elements to release energy, is the process that powers the sun and stars. Here on Earth, fusion power plants will combine tritium with its sister isotope deuterium to create the energy for generating electricity. Producing this power in a fusion device is sometimes called “putting a star in a jar.”
The system that Ono and colleagues designed calls for pumping liquid lithium in and out of a tokamak, a type of magnetic fusion device, to maintain steady state operation while cleaning out dust and other impurities from the plasma and safeguarding the divertor. The lithium, a silvery metal that readily combines with other elements, would serve a number of functions:
- Covering divertor plates. Injection of liquid lithium into the tokamak divertor chamber would coat the plates with the liquid substance, protecting them from heat and particles that rise up from the core of the plasma. The liquid lithium coating would also act as a sponge, capturing the particles before they struck the plate and preventing them from rebounding back into the plasma to cool it down and reduce fusion performance.
“Even a thin layer of liquid lithium can protect the plates,” said Ono. “It also has a promise of improving plasma performance as observed in the National Spherical Torus Experiment and Lithium Torus Experiment at PPPL and in other fusion experiments, and reduces the heat flux. And since liquid lithium evaporates, we must continually provide more to keep the plates moist.”
- Recycling tritium, a key fuel that will fuse with deuterium to produce fusion reactions in future power plants. Only approximately one percent of the tritium that is injected into the plasma is expected to be consumed in this process. The remaining unconsumed tritium must be removed and recycled back to maintain fueling.
To accomplish this task, the liquid lithium would combine with tritium in the tokamak and carry it with dust and other impurities to a filter outside the tokamak where the dust would be removed. The next stop would be a cold trap operating at 200 degrees Celsius that would allow the tritium to crystalize out. After draining lithium from the trap, the system would reheat and regenerate the tritium and bring it to a separator that would discard the impurities and pump the tritium back into the tokamak. Alternatively, the loop could feed into a centrifuge that separated the tritium from the lithium and returned the isotope to the tokamak.
- Removing dust. If left unchecked, many tons of dust could accumulate in a year from interactions between the plasma and the fusion chamber walls. The same loop that recycles tritium would deliver the dust to a filter as described above. “After the dust filter is filled, it must be replaced,” Ono said. “Since the filter would be relatively close to the fusion chamber, it must be replaced remotely.”
- Eliminating unwanted elements. Contact between the plasma and tokamak walls would also give rise to impurities such as nitrogen and oxygen that could cool the plasma. The flowing liquid lithium would carry these impurities to the tritium separator, as noted above, which would remove them. “Since these impurities are expected to be relatively low level,” Ono said, “they could be handled after separation through specialized smaller cleaning loops attached to the main one.”
Addressing such ideas are PPPL and groups around the world testing flowing liquid lithium concepts. “We are looking to the future to come up with solutions,” said Ono. “These issues must be dealt with if we are to realize practical and attractive fusion power plants.”
