Image of nanoparticles. Image: MIPT
Scientists from Russia and China discovered a host of new and unexpected nanoparticles and found a way to control their composition and properties — the findings break fresh ground in the use of nanoparticles. The results of their study were published in Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics.
Micro objects such as nanoparticles can differ from macro objects (crystals, glasses) in terms of chemical composition and properties. The two pillars that nanotechnology rests upon are the wide diversity of properties exhibited by nanoparticles of the same material but of varying sizes, and the ability to control their properties.
However, both experimental and theoretical research into the structure and composition of nanoparticles poses major difficulties.
Using the USPEX evolutionary algorithm developed by Artem R. Oganov, professor at Skoltech and MIPT, scientists from China and Russia studied a wide range of nanoparticle compositions, and in particular, examined two classes of nanoparticles essential for catalysis: iron-oxygen and cerium-oxygen. They discovered that the so-called “magic nanoparticles” that display enhanced stability can have unexpected chemical compositions — for example, Fe6O4, Fe2O6, Fe4O14, Ce5O6, and Ce3O12.
Oxygen-rich nanoparticles, such as Fe4O14, stable at normal conditions, may explain carcinogenicity of oxide nanoparticles. Scientists have quantitatively explored how the compositions vary by changing the temperature or partial pressure of oxygen.
“Stable nanoclusters can possess strange and unexpected chemical compositions (for example, Si4O18 or Ce3O12) at normal conditions, while for crystals this is usually found at extreme conditions, such as high pressures,” says Xiaohu Yu, the first author of this work, Associate Professor of Shaanxi University of Technology and former member of the Oganov lab in MIPT.
“The fact that nanoparticles have virtually the same ridges, islands of stability and seas of instability as atomic nuclei came as a surprise in this study. The atomic nucleus and the nanoparticle alike can be described as a cluster of two types of particles, for example, iron and oxygen in our case, or protons and neutrons in the case of atomic nuclei. If you draw a map and plot the numbers of each kind of atoms in the cluster along its axes, you will see that the majority of stable clusters form narrow ridges of stability.
“You will also discover islands of stability that are quite curious from the chemical point of view. It is quite conceivable that stable nanoparticles serve as elementary building blocks in crystal growth ‒ the topic I’ve been thrilled about since my school years. As for the islands of stability, the great contributors to their study were our renowned academicians Flerov and Oganesyan that I dreamt of working with when I was a kid,” said Oganov.
